Rose Byrne was born in Balmain, Sydney, Australia. She is the daughter of Jane, a primary school administrator, and Robin Byrne, a semi-retired statistician and market researcher.

She landed her first role in a movie, Dallas Doll (1994), when she was 15 years old.

Since then, Rose has appeared in a variety of Australian televisions shows including Heartbreak High (1994), Echo Point (1995), and the film Two Hands (1999) alongside Heath Ledger. After this, she appeared in various movies like The Date (1999), My Mother Frank (2000), and Clara Law's The Goddess of 1967 (2000) for which she obtained the Female Volpi Cup at the Venice Festival in 2000.

Her first experience on a big-budget movie came when she played handmaiden, Dormé, to Natalie Portman, Padmé Amidala, in Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones (2002). In 2003, she starred, coincidentally, as Rose Mortmain in the adaptation of Dodie Smith's I Capture the Castle (2003). In 2004, she acted in Wicker Park (2004) with Diane Kruger and Josh Hartnett. Here, she heard Wolfgang Petersen was looking for an actress for Briseis in his next movie Troy (2004) with Brad Pitt, she got the part and was recognised as one of the most promising actresses in Hollywood.

After Troy (2004), she played Edith in a TV adaptation of Casanova (2005). In September 2005, she started to act in Sunshine (2007), a Danny Boyle movie, where she plays the pilot in a space mission.

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Trivia

Left Los Angeles and moved to London where she owns a house with her sister. [2005]
In 2004, she and Diane Kruger played the two female leads in both movies Wicker Park (2004) and Troy (2004).
Is of Scottish and Irish descent.
Was originally tipped to play "Helen" in Troy (2004) but it was the character "Briseis" that Rose felt affinity for.
Ranked #16 on FHM's Sexiest Women in the World, Australian edition. (2006).
Best friends with fellow Australian actress Nadia Townsend since they both were 8 years old.
Father: Robin, mother: Jane, brother: George, born 1976, sisters: Alice, born 1973 and Lucy, born 1972.
She and her Marie Antoinette (2006) director, Sofia Coppola, have both played handmaidens in the Star Wars prequels. Sofia Coppola appeared in Episode I, Byrne in Episode II.
Favorite artistes include: Pat Benatar, Bob Marley, Fleet Foxes, Ryan Adams, Elvis Presley and Fleetwood Mac. She describes herself as having a wide taste in music.
She studied drama at Sydney's Australian Theatre for Young People and later at David Mamet Acting School, in New York.
Her hobbies include yoga, swimming, bicycle riding, crosswords, and reading.
Named in the Most Beautiful People of 2007 list in Who Magazine.
Was considered for the lead role in Jane Campion's Holy Smoke (1999) (the part went to Kate Winslet).

I don't take it seriously. Because I'm the one living my life. I mean, I've got this tiny part in this big Brad Pitt movie, and everyone here thinks I'm playing Sally to Brad Pitt's Harry. I'm not, and I'm constantly having to say that." - On being labeled the next 'big thing'.
That was easy, I just stood by Natalie Portman looking very serious. - On her role in Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones (2002).
I think its important to keep an element of fear about yourself because it makes you appreciate the jobs.
I did audition for Home and Away (1988), but they never called me back. I feel I escaped in a way.
''I used to drive, pretty pathetically, I'd just drive by their house all the time and they didn't know who I was. I'd just drive by the house all the time. I once knocked on the window and I thought, "What am I doing? What am I going to say if they come to the door and don't know who I am?" On her most dreadful crush.
I guess you can get to a level where you choose. I guess when you reach that point maybe you start making decisions about whether you want to be a leading man or woman. I'm not at that point at all. Where I am now, you're very much at everybody else's mercy. You have no control over your career in a lot of ways. It's just important to know what your own goals are, because that's empowering."
I'm starting to know how the world works a bit, and I'm learning more and more that the only thing that matters is what happens between 'action' and 'cut'. I'm allowing myself to be a bit more selfish, for want of a better word, just that it's OK to focus and that I don't have to be nice to everybody."